Prostate Cancer
Definition of prostate cancer.
Cancer is the growth of body cells that are malignant (out of control). The prostate is an organ of the man who shaped pouch and is part of the reproductive system. Prostate produces a fluid that protects the sperm. Prostate cancer is the uncontrollable growth of cells of the body that occurs in the prostate area.
General statistics about prostate cancer.
One of the seven men are usually diagnosed with prostate cancer, 6 of 10 men diagnosed with prostate cancer typically aged over 65 years. One of the 36 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer usually die from prostate cancer.
The risk Factor
Here is a table of risk factors for prostate cancer based on the belief of experts.
Figures risk factors conviction
1. Age > 50 years 3
2. African-American Race 3
3. Family history 3
4. Hormones Androgen above the size 2+
5. Vulnerability genetic disorders 2
6. Consumption of fat 2
7. Consumption of calories 2
8. Meat 2
9. Red meat 2
10. Obesity 2-
11. Consumption of animal fats 2-
12. Saturated fat 2-
13. Monounsaturated fat 2-
14. Polyunsaturated fat 2-
15. Poultry and fish 2-
16. Eggs 2-
17. Milk 2-
18. Vitamin A 2-
19. Carotenoids 2-
20. Lycopene 2-
21. Vitamin D 2-
22. Vitamin E 2-
23. Alcohol 2-
24. Physical activity is high 1+
25. Changes sexual partners 1+
26. Having been exposed to a venereal disease 1+
27. HPV infection 1+
28. Vasectomy 1+
29. Cheese 1+
30. Phytoestrogens 1+
31. Smoking 1+
3 Supported research and scientific evidence, accepted by all parties.
2+ Powered scientific research, but can not be accepted by all parties.
2 Supported scientific hypotheses, but has not been supported by many scientific studies.
2- speculation, a lot of debate, supported by little scientific research.
1+ Very little research.
The first risk factor to be aware of is to be a man, because only men who have a prostate, the men at risk of prostate cancer.
Risk of getting prostate cancer increases higher as he has over 50 years of age.
The next thing is to be African-American, not known for certain why African-American men have a higher risk of prostate cancer than other races. But experts know based on statistics that African-American men have a higher risk of prostate cancer than other races.
Family history experts also believed to be an important risk factor in prostate cancer. Experts suspect this is due to the legacy, lifestyle and genetic changes or mutations that occur in the family that causes prostate cancer risk becomes high.
Next is the androgen (male hormones). As is known prostate is part of the male hormonal system, it is logical if the experts linking the incidence of prostate cancer with hormonal behavior.
The other thing is the relationship between lifestyle and prostate cancer. Experts are still studying what exactly connects your lifestyle with your risk of prostate cancer. Do what you eat and exercise activities do affect it?
The cause of prostate cancer
The exact cause of prostate cancer is unknown to this day, the experts could only conclude the risk factors. Experts can only conclude that prostate cancer begins with the condition of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), which changes the size and shape of the prostate sac cells under the microscope. There is also concluded that prostate cancer is caused by changes in the character of androgen hormones due to high fat consumption.
Preventive measures for prostate cancer.
In general things you can do to prevent the incidence of prostate cancer is to avoid the risk factors that can be changed. Among them is the prevention of obesity, adequate exercise and a healthy diet.
Early detection of prostate cancer.
When it enters the age of 50, men are advised to routinely perform tests Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) for early detection of prostate cancer.
Prostate-specific antigen, or PSA, is a protein produced by cells of the prostate gland. The PSA test measures the level of PSA in human blood. For this test, a blood sample sent to the laboratory for analysis. The results are usually reported as nanograms of PSA per milliliter (ng / mL) of blood.
Digital rectal examination is done for men as part of a complete physical exam to check the prostate gland. This is done to women as part of a gynecological examination to check the uterus and ovaries. Other organs, such as the bladder, sometimes also felt during a digital rectal examination.
Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer.
In the early stages, prostate cancer usually has no symptoms whatsoever. In advanced stages of prostate cancer have a sign like this
Problems urinating, difficulty in passing urine, or frequent urination at night.
There was blood in the urine or semen.
Erection problems.
Hip pain, back or chest or other areas.
Weakness or numbness in the feet, loses control of his bladder and bowels.
Tests for prostate cancer
1. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
An first test. PSA is a blood test used to decide levels of PSA in the blood. PSA is a protein produced by prostate cells.
2. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE).
Doctor palpate the prostate through the rectum
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)
Transrectal ultrasound is a technique utilizing ultrasound to scan the prostatic and surrounding area.
4. Prostate Biopsy
Prostate biopsy is the act of taking a small sample of prostatic to examine under a microscope.
5. Grade (Gleason Score)
Gleason Score classification is the table used by doctors to observe and determine the extent of cancer in the prostate.
6. Bone Scan
Bone scans are used to determine whether prostate cancer has spread to the surrounding bone.
7. Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan)
CT Scan is a device that emits X-rays, used to create a 3-dimensional image of the body.
8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI is a device that emits radio waves / magnetic fields and used to detect parts of the body.
9. Lymph Node Biopsy
Is a method of taking a bit of the lymph nodes around the area of the cancer to determine whether cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes.
Source :
Ankerst, Donna P, Catherine M. Tangen, and Ian M. Thompson. Prostate Cancer Screening. New York, NY: Humana Press, 2009. Internet resource.
"Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)." WebMD, www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/digital-rectal-examination-dre. Accessed 7 Oct. 2016.
www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/psa-fact-sheet. Accessed 7 Oct. 2016.
Zbar, Andrew P, and Steven D. Wexner. Coloproctology. Springer, 2010.
Ratto, Carlo, and Giovanni B. Doglietto. Fecal Incontinence: Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer, 2007.
Diamandis, Eleftherios P. Tumor Markers: Physiology, Pathobiology, Technology, and Clinical Applications. AACC P, 2002.
Oh, William K, and Jim C. Hu. Advances and Controversies in Prostate Cancer. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders, 2010. Print.
Held-Warmkessel, Jeanne. Contemporary Issues in Prostate Cancer: A Nursing Perspective. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 2000. Print.
Kelman, Judith, and Peter T. Scardino. Dr. Peter Scardino's Prostate Book, Revised Edition: The Complete Guide to Overcoming Prostate Cancer, Prostatitis, and Bph. Avery, 2014.
Lange, Paul H, and Christine A. Adamec. Prostate Cancer for Dummies. Wiley Pub, 2003.
Matthews, Dawn D. Prostate Cancer Sourcebook: Basic Consumer Health Information About Prostate Cancer, Including Information About the Associated Risk Factors, Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Prostate Cancer ; Along with Information on Non-Malignant Prostate Conditions, and Featuring a Section Listing Support and Treatment Centers and a Glossary of Related Terms. Omnigraphics, 2001.
Marks, Sheldon. Prostate & Cancer: A Family Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment & Survival. Tucson, Ariz: Fisher Books, 1995. Print.
Yarbro, Connie H, Debra Wujcik, and Barbara H. Gobel. Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011. Print.
Ablin, Richard J, and Malcolm Mason. Metastasis of Prostate Cancer. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2007. Print.
Stokes, Mark. Prostate Cancer: Current and Emerging Trends in Detection and Treatment. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 2006. Print.
Prostate Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional : 2011 Edition. , 2012. Internet resource.
Cox, James D, and K K. Ang. Radiation Oncology: Rationale, Technique, Results. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2010. Internet resource.
Alberts, David S, and Lisa M. Hess. Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention. Berlin: Springer, 2005. Internet resource.
Cuzick, J., and Mangesh A. Thorat. Prostate Cancer Prevention. 2014.
========================================================
